Forced Marriage & Honour-Based Abuse: An Investigator’s Perspective

Honour-based abuse and forced marriage present unique and complex challenges to criminal investigations, with 2,905 honour-based abuse offences reported in England and Wales in 2023 (Gov UK). Victims of honour-based abuse will experience abuse for at least five years before reporting (two years longer than domestic abuse victims), a survey from Safelives found. The Women and Equalities Committee warn that Honour-based abuse will remain hidden unless victim support improves (UK Parliament).

Mindy Mahill, a retired Serious and Complex Crime Investigator, who served for 30 years at the West Midlands Police, shared his insights at our Tackling Honour-based Abuse Conference 2024. Mindy led the first forced marriage conviction in England and he highlighted the urgent need for legislative, procedural, and educational reforms to better protect victims. The full presentation can be watched above, with a summary available below.

The Need for Standalone Legislation

Honour-based abuse, currently intertwined with criminal offences like forced marriage, assault, kidnapping, and coercive control, demands distinct legal recognition. The investigator argues for making honour-based abuse a standalone offence, particularly to aid victims trapped abroad. At present, forced marriage protection orders are the primary legal recourse, but they fall short for victims experiencing honour-based abuse without the element of forced marriage. This gap leaves many victims abroad without adequate protection or means of repatriation.

Conviction Challenges and Victim Reluctance

Since the enactment of forced marriage legislation nearly a decade ago, the UK has seen only five convictions, reflecting the profound difficulties in prosecuting these cases. The investigator cites the reluctance of victims to criminalise their families as a significant barrier, with over 90% of reported cases failing to proceed to investigation or conviction. These offences are inherently complex, requiring substantial evidence and, crucially, victim support—elements often lacking in such sensitive situations.

Training and Cultural Awareness

A critical issue is the lack of specific training for police officers on honour-based abuse and forced marriage. Despite the presence of domestic abuse courses, there is a stark need for bespoke training that addresses these specific issues, including female genital mutilation (FGM) and other harmful practices. The investigator emphasises the importance of cultural competence, urging officers to understand the communities they serve. This knowledge is vital for effective communication and sensitive handling of cases.

Operational Challenges and Victim Protection

The process of investigating forced marriage and honour-based abuse is fraught with operational challenges. Intimidation and attempts to thwart investigations by contacting authorities in other countries are common. Early involvement of senior officers and meticulous documentation of decisions throughout the investigation are crucial to maintaining the integrity of the process. Rapid action is necessary to secure evidence and protect victims, who often face immediate and severe risks.

Repatriation and International Cooperation

Repatriating victims from abroad is a complex and often perilous task. The investigator has successfully repatriated around 30 girls and a few male victims from countries including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, and Sudan. However, the process is hindered by corruption and lack of cooperation from local authorities in some regions. The Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) in London plays a pivotal role, but its reach and capabilities are limited.

Long-Term Support for Victims

Safeguarding victims over the long term is essential yet frequently neglected. The psychological toll on victims, who often face permanent estrangement from their families and communities, is immense. Ensuring ongoing support, including access to education, employment, and housing, is critical for their reintegration and safety. Charitable organisations and community groups, such as the Sharan Project, provide valuable assistance, but more systemic support is needed.

Reform Around Honour-based Abuse

The investigator’s testimony underscores the need for comprehensive reform in handling forced marriage and honour-based abuse. Standalone legislation, enhanced training, cultural competence, and robust support systems are imperative to protect and empower victims. As he concludes, the priority must always be the well-being and safety of the victims, who face extraordinary challenges in seeking justice and rebuilding their lives.

This was presented at our Tackling Honour-Based Abuse Conference 2024. For similar insights please see our Victim Services Conference below.

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